Since Photovoltaic cooling’s expense viability relies to a great extent upon the cooling hardware and given the helpless efficiencies in electrical cooling techniques until recently it has not been practical without endowments. Utilizing more effective electrical cooling techniques and permitting longer restitution plans is changing that situation. Photovoltaics can give the ability to an electrically fueled cooling be it customary blower-based or adsorption/assimilation-based, however, the most widely recognized execution is with blowers. For little private and little business cooling under 5 MWh/a Photo voltaic-fueled cooling has been the most habitually executed solar-based cooling innovation. Working quietly and with no moving parts or ecological emanations, PV frameworks have been created from being specialty market applications into an experienced innovation utilized for the standard power age. A housetop framework recovers the contributed energy for its assembling and establishment within 0.7 to 2 years and produces around 95% of net clean environmentally friendly power north of a 30-year administration lifetime. Solar-based insolation is comprised of immediate, diffuse, and reflected radiation. The assimilation component of a Photovoltaic cell is characterized as the small amount of occurrence solar-oriented irradiance that is consumed by the cell. At high early afternoon on a cloudless day at the equator, the force of the sun is around 1 kW/m2, on the Earth’s surface, to a plane that is opposite to the sun’s beams. Accordingly, Photovoltaic clusters can follow the sun during each time to significantly improve energy assortment. Nonetheless, GPS beacons add cost and require upkeep, so it is more normal for Photovoltaic clusters to have fixed mounts that slant the exhibit and face sun-oriented early afternoon (roughly due south in the Northern Hemisphere or due north in the Southern Hemisphere). The slanted point, from flat, can be differed for the season, yet whenever fixed, ought to be set to give ideal exhibit yield during the pinnacle electrical interest part of a normal year for an independent framework. Drifting solar-powered clusters are Photovoltaic frameworks that float on the outer layer of drinking water supplies, quarry lakes, water system waterways or remediation, and following lakes. The frameworks are said to have advantage upper hands over photovoltaics ashore. The expense of land is more costly, and there are fewer guidelines and guidelines for structures based on waterways not utilized for diversion. Dissimilar to most land-based sun-powered plants, drifting exhibits can be subtle because they are stowed away from general visibility. Solar-based Photovoltaic power is undeniably appropriate for telecom applications, for example, nearby phone trades, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and different types of electronic correspondence joins. In most media transmission applications, stockpiling batteries are now being used and the electrical framework is essentially DC.
It is genuinely easy to decrease the warming and cooling necessity for new development by one-half. This should frequently be possible at no extra net expense since there are cost reserve funds for more modest cooling frameworks and different advantages. A more affordable incomplete power photovoltaic framework can lessen (however not kill) the month-to-month measure of power bought from the power network for cooling (and different employments). This is at present financially savvy in certain spaces where power organization power is currently $0.15 or more. Abundance photovoltaic power produced when cooling isn’t needed can be offered to the power lattice in numerous areas, which can lessen or wipe out yearly net power buy necessity. Earth protecting or earth cooling cylinders can exploit the encompassing temperature of the earth to lessen or kill traditional cooling necessities. In many environments where most people live, they can significantly lessen the development of unfortunate summer heat, and furthermore, assist eliminate warming from the inside of the structure. They increment development cost, yet lessen or wipe out the expense of regular cooling

The Islamabad High Court (HEC) restored Dr Tariq Javed Banuri as chairman Higher Education Commission (HEC).
In a short order, authored by Justice Aamer Farooq, the IHC stated that the notifications, dated 26/03/2021 and 05/04/2021, were issued without lawful authority and contrary to the amended provisions of the HEC Ordinance, 2002.
“Respondent No. 6 Dr Tariq Javed Banuri, therefore, stands restored as the Chairman of the Higher Education Commission,” the order said.
In March 2021, Dr Banuri was removed from office unceremoniously by the PTI government when his tenure was shortened from four to three years through an amendment to the HEC ordinance. Later, he approached the IHC against his premature removal.
The IHC had barred the government from appointing a new chairman till the case is decided.
Dr Banuri was appointed in May 2018 by former prime minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi for a four-year term and his tenure was due to end in May 2022.
There were reportedly widespread complaints against him, accusing him of running the HEC on an ad hoc basis. Meanwhile, the National Accountability Bureau had launched an investigation against him for corruption, irregularities, mismanagement and appointment of consultants.
The federal government’s decision to sack Dr Banuri was criticised by experts and educationists who termed the move as damaging. n

ASHRAE 62.1 Defines:
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is defined as air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by Cognizant Authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS (WHO) says:
The World Health Organization IAQ standards and guidelines outline a number of potentially hazardous organic and non-organic substances that can have adverse health effects in homes in large quantities or after long periods of exposure.
Good IAQ leads to be satisfied people in all the indoor areas.
Good IAQ improves the level of productivity.
Poor IAQ is one of the major environmental health hazards.
As an average, we spend more than 80% of our time indoor spaces such as homes/apartments, offices, gyms, mosques, restaurants, superstores, malls, etc. Indoor air pollutants are 2 – 5 times higher than outside air.
AIR POLLUTION CAN AFFECT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT & COGNITIVE FUNCTION (UNICEF – Dec. 2017)
Cognitive ability may be defined as a “mental capability that … involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience”.
SYMPTOMS & HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO LOW INDOOR AIR QUALITY:
Researchers confirm that more than 30% of all commercial buildings have significant IAQ issues – WHO.
v Irritation of eyes, nose, and throat
v Headaches
v Dizziness
v Fatigue
v Colds or other viral infections
Air pollution from both outdoor and indoor sources represents the single largest environmental risk to health globally.
EPA – USA – Another approach to lowering the concentrations of indoor air pollutants in your home is to increase the amount of outdoor air coming indoors. Most home heating and cooling systems, including forced air heating / cooling systems, do not mechanically bring fresh air into the house.
GASEOUS COMPOSITION:
Carbon Dioxide / Carbon Monoxide
Measure the correctness of Ventilation Or Incorrect Ventilation.
Vehicle Exhaust.
Formaldehyde
Very low Volatile Organic Compounds.
Used in pressed wood products, adhesives, etc.
MAJOR OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS Particulate matter.
Ozone Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide.
Particles with a diameter less than 10 micrometers are named PM10;
Particles with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers are called PM2.5 (or fine particulates) and
Particles with a diameter less than 0.1 micrometers are called PM0.1 (or ultrafine particulates).
HOW TO IMPROVE THE AIR QUALITY INDEX RATING:
This would be possible to improve the Air Quality index for major cities such as Karachi, Lahore & Islamabad in order to reduce solid waste burning, industrial emissions, the fining of over-polluting factories, home businesses or open burning.
Other initiatives would include the eventual removal of ancient vehicles off the road and a move over to cleaner fuel sources like Hybrid or Electric Cars.
Unexplained COVID-19 “community spread” incidents
Cast doubt on claimed Insignificance of airborne
transmission, Guangzhou, Restaurant.10 of 21 diners at three tables.
Infected by 1 person. Distance of up to 5m (16 feet).
Particulate Matter in Indoor Air
While there is no doubt that the Coronavirus SARS 2, which originates the disease COVID-19, is transmitted mainly through the particles exhaled by infected patients, it is important to start with a basic explanation of how the particulate matter, usually designated by the acronym PM, is classified.
ASHRAE’s statement on the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the air is sufficiently likely that airborne exposure to the virus should be controlled. Changes to building operations, including the operation of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems, can reduce airborne exposures.
Indoor spaces with human occupancy must be heavily ventilated due to the COVID situation, exclusively with fresh air, to decrease virus concentrations, in the event of possible contamination by suspended particles, and, thus, reduce the risk of infection.
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – 2013 contains two alternative procedures, the widely uses – Ventilation Rate Procedure and second is Indoor Air Quality Procedures (IAQP).
A. The VRP describes ventilation rates for the specific building.
B. On the other way, IAQP is a performance-based design approach to keeping contaminants of concern (COCs) concentration.
AIR CHANGE:
Here is a four-step process on how to calculate the room CFM:
A. Step One – Use the above Air Changes per Hour Table to identify the required air changes needed for the use of the room. Let’s say it’s a conference room requiring 10 air changes per hour.
B. Step Two – Calculate the volume of the room (L’ x W’ x H’).
C. Step Three – Multiply the volume of the room by the required room air changes.
D. Step Four – Divide the answer by 60 minutes per Hour to find the required room CFM.
AIR FILTRATION:
TYPE OF FILTERS COMMONLY USE – PRE-FILTERS + BAG FILTERS & HEPA / ULPA FILTERS (Robust)
EN 779: 2012 is the only one and now using ISO 16890 is the new way to evaluate filters.
HEPA stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air and is a filtration rating that captures microbes, dust, and particulates down to 0.3 Micron.
ISO 16890 – 1: 2016 establishes an efficiency classification system of air filters for general ventilation based upon particulate matter (PM). It also provides an overview of the test procedures and specifies general requirements for assessing and marking the filters, as well as for documenting the test results.
MERV Rating is known as Minimum Efficiency Rate Value and A MERV rating chart shows a numerical value. The range is from 1 (lowest efficiency) to 20 (highest efficiency).
Outdoor Air Intakes. Ventilation system outdoor air intakes shall be designed properly.
The temperature of the room should be designed. Normally design is 24 C.
Humidity should be between 40% to 60%.
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE IAQ are UGVI and Bipolar Ionization.
Designing a building’s HVAC system requires designers to meet or exceed minimum outdoor air requirements, maximize energy savings, and meet all state and local codes.
CONCLUSIONS:
Air pollution is usually worst in urban centers. As more and more of the world urbanizes, and without adequate protection and pollution reduction measures, children, old and less immune people will be at risk in the years to come.
In case, the risk of outdoor air pollutions/contaminants are not high can incentivize natural ventilation and passive measures for rural areas, low budget buildings, or industrial applications especially for developing countries.
Parks, trees, and green areas within urban centers can improve local air quality as well as offer a refuge for children to play.
Better waste management can reduce the amount of pollution caused by waste that is burned within communities.
Proper disposal and recycling of paper, plastics, metals, and organic materials can help prevent harmful chemicals from being burned and reaching children’s lungs.
Try to maintain a low level of Carbon Dioxide less. Use sensors to increase ventilation.
Reducing Outdoor activities when Air Quality Index and pollution levels are unhealthy, protecting indoor spaces by closing windows during outdoor air pollution episodes, and using one of the above-defined strategies.
Since most of the countries implemented the combat measures against Contact and Droplets modes the above complementary measures should be put in place.
Avoid face-to-face meetings in case of a chance of spread out of virus. Use mas and keep a safe distance for any public place.
Better IAQ results, better healthy life and increase the productivity of the nation.n

Pakistan’s every major city has been witnessing fire incidents pretty frequently and every time all questions concentrate on the causes of the fire which most of the time remain mute. A Fire Safety expert at IMS, Hassan Murtaza believes fires can safely be averted if proper fire safety systems are employed at all levels.
When asked what are the major reasons for fire incidents which have been occurring quite frequently in our cities Hassan Murtaza, the chief of IMS Fire Safety and Security Department says there are many reasons for fires and short-circuit is only one of them and the reason behind short-circuit is related to loose connections and also the absence of a proper electrical system design in the buildings. Awareness is also a big issue.
Most of the time the wiring does not support high amperes when we draw excessive load which leads us to fire incidents. Then how to prevent such incidents or handle them is an area in which the people are not aware of.
One fire extinguisher is far better than a fire tender away as it requires time to reach you. The fire extinguisher can handle fire instantly. We realize the situation when the fire engulfs you. So our company is focusing on how to prevent incidents that happen anywhere. We are striving to create awareness in the people that if you cannot afford an extensive system then go on prevention so that you can cover the fire timely.
Responsibility of the authorities
It is the responsibility of our authorities that they should issue permission for the buildings only if they ensure public safety. Fire is not only an incident but causes loss of lives. The people who work in buildings and malls do not know that their lives are at high risk. How will they escape if any fire broke out in their buildings which do not ensure such safety guards? The people running huge businesses and malls do not have plans to tackle fire incidents. If you focus on business only and overlook safety then such incidents will only increase. In new buildings, tenants alter the system according to their requirements and thus the safety is compromised in many cases. We have to think about if we have any fresh air movement where we are sitting, do we have any exhaust and emergency exit in the building. If we have any backup generators for the elevators. If the people start thinking are they safe in case of any incidents in the building or any setup they are in. This awareness means a lot and people control such things through joint community efforts.
What minimum thing can one do to prevent or handle any fire?
It depends on what value do your assets have and also it depends on the intensity of the fire. There are many systems, some are automatic and some are manual. All are available in the market. If you cannot afford an automatic system then you must have such a manual system that can control the fire to some extent till the fire tenders reach you. Therefore, a fire extinguisher is a must in the building. This is like water and air for life. And if you believe you have to save your assets too then you must install a fire fighting system. There are two levels of the Fire Fighting System. One is imported and certified and if you cannot afford it you can go on a conventional system whose cost is lower. Then make your people be aware of it. Even if you cannot afford any one of them, you can decide on the lower and simpler system such as fireballs. This system can control the fire which is initiated in the building.
IMS is a ‘No Limit’ contracting company having complete fire safety solutions. We are registered with Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) as a CA company.
Globally, we represent Honeywell, Tyco, Lifeco. We have complete setups of fire systems, alarm systems, detection, suppression and foam systems, etc. We possess in-house technical expertise.
The company has three offices in Pakistan, one in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad besides an international office in Dubai. Our experts are certified by our principles. We also have a wide range of projects with oil companies, automobile companies, textile, and others. We are also involved in the provision of service and maintenance of safety systems. n