As per Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan’s vision, NESPAK is playing an active role in the housing sector and has always been ready to serve in fulfilling the Prime Minister’s dream of eliminating housing shortage in the country.
In line with the government’s policy, Pakistan Housing Authority Foundation (PHAF) has engaged NESPAK for providing engineering consultancy services for the development of a Housing Scheme at Surizai Peshawar through competitive bidding, it was told by Dr. Tahir Masood, Managing Director NESPAK here on Tuesday in a press release.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs.100 billion and it spreads over an area of 8500 Kanals. NESPAK’s scope of consultancy work includes detailed surveys and investigations, feasibility study along with the preparation of PC-I and PC-II, master planning, infrastructure design, detailed designing of houses, apartments, commercial and public amenities, preparation of detailed tender documents including cost estimates, BOQs and technical specifications, prequalification of constructors, preparation of construction drawings, assistance to Client in bid evaluation and top construction supervision. Mr. Salman Shahid, Chief Engineer, NESPAK Islamabad office is designated as the Project Manager.
Meanwhile, the NESPAK Islamabad office has been selected by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Technology Board to provide consultancy services for Pakistan Digital City Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. NESPAK’s scope of work comprises master planning, infrastructure design development, and design of a building having the covered area around 50,000 sqft. in Haripur having an area of around 86 Kanals. Tentative Project cost is around Rs. 406 million.

Major construction projects, be they in the private sector or public ones are to come under strict scrutiny in Balochistan.
This measure is caused by climate change that has forced the provincial government to move ahead for legislation as regards the construction projects.
In this backdrop, Balochistan Chief Minister Jam Kamal has reportedly directed Balochhhistan’s Environment Department for suggesting legislation so that no project is initiated before obtaining a NOC (no objection certificate). It will be mandatory for all major construction projects in the private and public sectors.
A report from Quetta said the chief minister, in a meeting held recently, also approved the appointment of a technical representative of the Environment Department.
Environmental Protection Agency in Balochistan has also briefed the government that climate change poses a serious threat to the environment thus the use of modern technology and reforms in the field of environment is needed to deal effectively with the environmental challenges.
The chief minister is also of the view that improvement in the environment department should be brought about in order to create ample scope for skilled posts in the department.
He said that revolutionary progress in the construction sector was expected under the incentives given by the federal government while the government of Balochistan was also pursuing development plans for coastal and other areas.
The chief minister said a comprehensive policy needed to be formulated to regulate this development process and make it environmentally friendly.
The meeting reviewed the formation of the Sustainable Development Fund. The role of the Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency and the service rules of the department were also reviewed and
important steps in this regard were approved

Pakistani firms are all set to participate in the 2020 China International Fair for Trade in Services (CIFTIS) scheduled to kick off in September at the China National Convention Center in Beijing.
“Pakistani companies are very keen to take part in the forthcoming fair which is one of major trade and business events in China before China International Import Expo (CIIE) to be held in Shanghai,” officials said.
At present, posters and banners have been set up at the China National Convention Center in Beijing to welcome guests from home and abroad.
So far, 141 international organizations, embassies in China, chambers of commerce, business associations, and institutions have confirmed their participation in this year’s CIFTIS.
More than 2,000 domestic and foreign companies will also attend the event, during which more than 100 forums and discussions will be held. Pavilion construction, guest reception, epidemic prevention and control are currently being advanced under high standard.
Formerly known as China (Beijing) International Fair for Trade in Services, the China International Fair for Trade in Services took its new name in 2019.
One year later, the shortened name for the event was changed from “Beijing Fair” to “CIFTIS”.
The CIFTIS (including the former Beijing Fair) has successfully held six sessions, attracting 184 countries and regions, nearly 300 international organizations and overseas business associations and more than 10,000 companies, and achieving an accumulated intended transaction amount of US $ 529.33 billion

National Bank of Pakistan’s President Arif Usmani has said his bank will provide all possible support for the uplift of the general public including the provision of very soft loans to make them able to easily own residence under the Prime Minister’s Housing Scheme. The PM Housing initiative was a very revolutionary program as it would improve the living standard of the common man and generate big economic activity in the country. The construction industry has great potential to grow and more than 40 other industries directly linked to it, he said while speaking at a ceremony held here at NBP Head Office to mark 73rd independence day of Pakistan. He said PM Housing Programme would help revive the economy affected by COVID-19, which had posed serious economic challenges to many countries.
Prime Minister Imran Khan was personally monitoring the progress in this housing program and was regularly getting feedback from the concerned organizations /agencies including NBP. NBP President said this premier government commercial bank had recently gone through various policy, structural, and technology upgrades which would start yielding within six months

The Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) would gasify the localities and villages falling within a five-kilometre radius of gas-producing fields, being operated by Exploration and Production (E&P) companies in different parts of Sindh and Balochistan, under a multi-billion rupees project.
“Accordingly, the company is in the process of preparing PC-I to undertake the first phase of the project which will be submitted to DDWP (Departmental Development Working Party) for its approval,” a senior official privy to the petroleum sector developments said.
He said the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet has recently allowed the Finance Division, on a summary submitted by the Petroleum Division, to release Rs1 billion to the company for undertaking the gas supply project in the localities situated within a 5-KM radius of gas fields.“It is in compliance with the Supreme Court and High Court decisions.” The total estimated cost of the project is Rs4.912, out of which SSGC would get Rs1 billion during the year 2020-21, while the remaining amount in subsequent fiscal years. Meanwhile, according to an official document available with APP, the company would provide around 144,371 new gas connections including 143,023 domestic, 1,164 commercial and 184 industrial during the current fiscal year as per its annual network expansion plan. The SSGC has also planned to lay 1,418 KMs additional distribution and transmission lines in the year 2020-21

Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Chairman Lt Gen (r) Muzammil Hussain visited the Nai Gaj Dam project area located in Dadu District of Sindh province to assess the situation on the ground and damages to the project caused by the flood. During the visit, the chairman had a detailed round of various components of the project.
WAPDA General Manager (Projects) South and Project Director Nai Gaj Dam were also present on the occasion. WAPDA chairman, on the occasion, assured his full support to the civil administration of Dadu and Sindh to tackle the situation that has arisen out of the recent floods. He also appreciated WAPDA engineers and officials for their efforts to protect the structures of the Right Bank Outfall Drain (RBOD) Project during the flood. Earlier, the chairman was briefed by the General Manager (Projects) South about the water flows in the project area during the floods, along with status and the loss done to the project components. The chairman was apprised that the upstream protection dyke (Coffer Dam) to secure the construction area of the Main Dam affected due to the floods, however, part of the Main Dam built so far remained safe. The chairman directed the project management to conduct a detailed study and submit a report about damages to the project. He also asked them to recommend measures to cope with such a situation in the future. Nai Gaj Dam Project is being constructed on Gaj River, 65-Kilometer North-West of Dadu. On completion, the dam will have a gross storage capacity of 300,000 acre feet, while the command area of the project comprises of 28,800 acres. The progress on the approved components stands at 51 percent. If the funding is approved by the ECNEC, Nai Gaj Dam can be completed in two years

A Canadian-Finnish collaboration has led to the discovery of a novel magnetic compound in which two magnetic dysprosium metal ions are bridged by two aromatic organic radicals forming a pancake bond.
The results of this study can be utilized to improve the magnetic properties of similar compounds.
The theoretical investigation of the study was carried out by the Academy Research Fellow Jani O. Moilanen at the University of Jyväskylä, whereas the experimental work was performed at the University of Ottawa in the groups of Profs. Muralee Murugesu and Jaclyn L. Brusso.
The research results were published in the well-recognized chemistry journal — Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers in July 2020 — with the cover art.
Magnets are used in many modern electronic devices ranging from mobile phones and computers to medical imaging devices. Besides the traditional metal-based magnets, one of the current research interests in the field of magnetism has been the study of single-molecule magnets consisting of metal ions and organic ligands.
The magnetic properties of single-molecule magnets are purely molecular in origin, and it has been proposed that in the future, single-molecule magnets could be utilized in high-density information storage, spin-based electronics (spintronics), and quantum computers.
Unfortunately, most of the currently known single-molecule magnets only exhibit their magnetic properties at low temperatures near absolute zero (-273°C), which prevents their utilization in electronic devices.
The first single-molecule magnet that retained its magnetization over the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) was reported in 2018.
This study was a considerable breakthrough in the field of magnetic materials as it demonstrated that single-molecule magnets functioning at higher temperatures can be also realized.
Excellent magnetic properties of the reported compound at the elevated temperatures originated from the optimal three-dimensional structure of the compound.
In theory, similar design principles could be used for single-molecule magnets containing more than one metal ion but controlling the three-dimensional structure of multinuclear compounds is much more challenging.
Bridging organic radicals were utilized in the novel compound
Instead of fully controlling the three-dimensional structure of the reported compound, a different design strategy was utilized in this study.
“Like dysprosium ions, organic radicals also have unpaired electrons that can interact with unpaired electrons of metal ions. Thus, organic radicals can be used to control the magnetic properties of a system along with metal ions. Particularly interesting organic radicals are bridging ones as they can interact with multiple metal ions. We employed this design strategy in our study, and surprisingly, we synthesized a compound where not only one but two organic radicals bridged two dysprosium ions as well as formed a pancake bond through their unpaired electrons,” Prof. Muralee Murugesu from the University of Ottawa clarifies.
“Even though the formation of the pancake bond between two radicals is well known, this was the first time that the pancake bond was observed between two metal ions. The interaction between organic radicals is often referred to as pancake bonding because the three-dimensional structure of interacting organic radicals resembles a stack of pancakes,” Prof. Jaclyn L. Brusso from the University of Ottawa tells.
The pancake bond in the novel compound was very strong. Therefore, the unpaired electrons of the organic radicals did not interact strongly with the unpaired electrons of the dysprosium ions and the compound functioned as a single-molecule magnet only at low temperatures. However, the study paves the way for the new design strategy for novel multinuclear single-molecule magnets and has initiated further research.
“Computational chemistry methods provided important insights into the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the compound that can be utilized in future studies. By choosing the right kind of organic radicals we can not only control the nature of the pancake bond between the radicals but also enhance the magnetic properties of the compound overall,” Academy Research Fellow Jani O. Moilanen from the University of Jyväskylä comments

Digitization and technology hold the promise of progress and prosperity for almost every country including Pakistan. Information Technology has become a fundamental part of industry and manufacturing.
The technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, robotics, automation, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, mobility, and others continue to have a growing effect on society, economy, and environment.
Moreover, the process of rapid digitization has transformed almost everything on the face of the earth from physical to software-controlled – economy to education, healthcare to market-customer relations, and government-citizen interaction to banking.
The incumbent government has taken the initiative to upgrade digital banking infrastructure and ease the conditions and exhausting paperwork for digital services such as e-payments, online transactions and the issuance of credit cards, and their use in online stores or in-store shopping, at petrol pumps, online utility bill payments, and university fee payment gateways, etc.
The process of digitization can help grow the economy more quickly, fuel innovations, as well as the business environment. This in return could alleviate poverty by creating new jobs for the fresh graduates and young entrepreneurs of the country.
The Digital Pakistan Initiative has created hope that the government is making serious efforts to promote digital technology in the country. However, Pakistan needs to organize and enhance the skills, expertise, and knowledge for digital transformation in all walks of life.
The digital landscape has grown tremendously in Pakistan with a population of over 200 million people.
The country has over 165 million mobile subscribers, 70 million active internet users, and 60 million smartphone users.
According to statistical data of Pakistan Telecommunication Authority’s telecom indicators, the number of mobile phone users in Pakistan has crossed 165 million while the provision of 4G/LTE services in remote areas of Pakistan has also made a significant increase in overall 3G/4G subscribers, as the number of 3G and 4G users in Pakistan crossed 70 million.
With an increase of 0.173 million users in just a month, it has become evident that 4G users in Pakistan are increasing at a rapid pace and will soon take over the 3G market after the launch of 5G services. In an increasingly digital world, connecting people to the world can open up new vistas and bridge the gap of inequality both on social and economic fronts.
As internet penetration has gone up to 70 percent in the country, several case studies emerge that people successfully achieve their ambitions and turn their dreams into a reality.
Similarly, the digital medium is considered cost-effective with a wider reach which comes with many benefits — people around the globe get easy access to information anytime and anywhere through multiple digital devices.
Likewise, the digital means of marketing and communication are also considered quicker, result driven, and adaptable. Deputy Coordinator, E-Governance, Performance Management & Reforms Unit (PMRU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Dr. Akif Khan said that Pakistan’s first initiative was the launch of Pakistan Citizen Portal where citizens can make access to eight thousand officials. “As far as the digital transformation of Pakistan is concerned; it is one of the biggest case studies with a 94% resolution rate of the cases,” he added. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of ‘App Desk,’ Muhammad Tanveer Khan said that digitization makes public service delivery more efficient and speedy by ensuring ‘one window operations’ of different official tasks — taking less time and effort. It also decreases the chances of deliberate/un-deliberate human errors and the online record could be easily authenticated from any part of the world, he added.
Majid Khan, an Islamabad based IT expert said that due to the pandemic, a spike was witnessed in the sale and purchase of smartphones and laptops for online teaching and learning in the country. He said that people in general and students, in particular, had learned a great deal about new software and productive use of android phones and computer technology.
During the coronavirus, when people were confined to their homes, the internet has given relief to continue working from home by connecting them online with a large number of people across the globe

Two UCLA computer scientists have shown that existing compilers, which tell quantum computers how to use their circuits to execute https://www.youtube.com/quantum programs, inhibit the computers’ ability to achieve optimal performance. Specifically, their research has revealed that improving quantum compilation design could help achieve computation speeds up to 45 times faster than currently demonstrated.
The computer scientists created a family of benchmark quantum circuits with known optimal depths or sizes. In computer design, the smaller the circuit depth, the faster a computation can be completed. Smaller circuits also imply more computation can be packed into the existing quantum computer. Quantum computer designers could use these benchmarks to improve design tools that could then find the best circuit design.
“We believe in the ‘measure, then improve’ methodology,” said lead researcher Jason Cong, a Distinguished Chancellor’s Professor of Computer Science at UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. “Now that we have revealed the large optimality gap, we are on the way to develop better quantum compilation tools, and we hope the entire quantum research community will as well.”
Cong and graduate student Daniel (Bochen) Tan tested their benchmarks in four of the most used quantum compilation tools. A study detailing their research was published in IEEE Transactions on Computers, a peer-reviewed journal.
Tan and Cong have made the benchmarks, named QUEKO, open source and available on the software repository GitHub.
Quantum computers utilize quantum mechanics to perform a great deal of computations simultaneously, which has the potential to make them exponentially faster and more powerful than today’s best supercomputers. But many issues need to be addressed before these devices can move out of the research lab

of how quantum circuits work, tiny environmental changes, such as small temperature fluctuations, can interfere with quantum computation. When that happens, the quantum circuits are called decoherent — which is to say they have lost the information once encoded in them.
“If we can consistently halve the circuit depth by better layout synthesis, we effectively double the time it takes for a quantum device to become decoherent,” Cong said.
“This compilation research could effectively extend that time, and it would be the equivalent to a huge advancement in experimental physics and electrical engineering,” Cong added. “So we expect these benchmarks to motivate both academia and the industry to develop better layout synthesis tools, which in turn will help drive advances in quantum computing.”
Cong and his colleagues led a similar effort in the early 2000s to optimize integrated circuit design in classical computers. That research effectively pushed two generations of advances in computer processing speeds, using only optimized layout design, which shortened the distance between the transistors that comprise the circuit. This cost-efficient improvement was achieved without any other major investments in technological advances, such as physically shrinking the circuits themselves.
“Quantum processors in existence today are extremely limited by environmental interference, which puts severe restrictions on the length of computations that can be performed,” said Mark Gyure, executive director of the UCLA Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, who was not involved in this study. “That’s why the recent research results from Professor Cong’s group are so important because they have shown that most implementations of quantum circuits to date are likely extremely inefficient and more optimally compiled circuits could enable much longer algorithms to be executed. This could result in today’s processors solving much more interesting problems than previously thought. That’s an extremely important advance for the field and incredibly exciting

Minister for Science and Technology Fawad Chaudhry says Chinese companies are interested in the relocation of their factories to Pakistan because of the US-China trade war and believes the country is set to take a major benefit.
Flanked by Minister for Science and Technology Minister for Energy Omar Ayub Khan, Fawad Chaudhry announced the Alternative and Renewable Energy (ARE) Policy 2020 said the relocation of Chinese factories would benefit Pakistan’s manufacturing sector.
Both the ministers shared details of tax facilities offered to investors in the policy and said power plants will be inducted on open competitive bidding for lowest tariff and technology transfer.
Under the new policy, they said the government would increase the share of ARE in total power supply to 20 percent by 2025 and 30 percent by 2030.
They hoped the induction of power plants on open competitive bidding would bring down solar and wind tariffs to less than four cents per unit.
Key features of the policy:

1. the investment would be solicited on a competitive bid for the lowest cost instead of upfront or cost-plus based tariff under all previous power policies
2. the government would decide on the annual and three-year basis about the quantity of additional power requirement as before but it would be decided jointly by the four provinces, Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan at a steering committee as to how much share be allocated to solar, wind, waste to energy or other technology and what should be their location
3. the currency devaluation factor would be taken care of in bids for tariff
4. incentives for technology transfer for local manufacturing of solar panels, wind turbines and all related equipment for job creation for which Ministry of Science and Technology was finalising quality standards
5. bidding would bebased on two to three year forward looking energy requirements and on take and pay basis without allowing capacity payment price to ensure that tariff is paid only for the electricity purchased and not for capacity availability
   It was unearthed in the moot that three top Chinese companies and a leading European manufacturer had approached the government for setting up of manufacturing units for solar and wind equipment.

Mapping of the Nosham reaches completion

The geological experts have completed 100 percent mapping of the Nosham area of Balochistan under a coal exploration and evaluation project.
This project is included in the Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) with an allocation of Rs 6.524 million for 2020-21.
The Rs 42.318 million project titled “Exploration and Evaluation of Coal in Nosham and Bahlol Areas, Balochistan” had been approved in 2017 which made significant progress during the last two years, a senior official said.
Elaborating the updated physical progress, he said the initial study of maps, toposheets, aerial photographs, and satellite imageries had been completed. While data had been transferred from aerial photographs/satellite imageries onto toposheets, he added.
Preliminary reconnaissance geological mapping has been commenced. 100 percent Geological Mapping of Nosham area has been completed and five stratigraphic sections have been measured, besides purchasing different field and lab items. Whereas, a compilation of field data, analysis and integration of data to prepare the required geological maps was in progress.
“Drilling of 1st borehole (BNCP#01) at Nosham area, District Barkhan has been completed to the depth of 297 meters, where coal seams encountered at different depths. Geological logging of exploratory borehole/logs and Geophysical Survey (Resistivity) has also been completed in the project area,” officials said. Drilling engineers and other technical staff are busy in drilling operations for the next borehole. “Compilation of geological map and report is in progress.” The experts believed that the project investigations would result in proving more than 20 million tonnes of coal worth over Rs 2000 million at the current market rate. — APP

Petroleum Division has identified as many as 40 new blocks in different parts of the country to step up oil and gas exploration activities. The step is aimed at making discoveries as the existing reservoirs are fast-depleting and since long there is no major discovery, says a report
The new blocks would be awarded through international bidding, for which necessary work was in process.
In September 2018, a bidding round of 10 onshore exploration blocks was conducted, which was held after a gap of almost five years, wherein eight blocks were awarded.
“Next bidding round is being planned shortly whereby 20 Onshore Blocks would be offered and efforts are being made to attract foreign companies,” officials say.
The country’s total sedimentary area was around 827,268 square kilometers, out of which 320, 741 KM (39 percent of the area) is under exploration.
Pakistan fears to deplete its deposits by 60 percent by the year 2027, forcing it to accelerate exploration activities in potential areas on war-footing.
Total consumption of petroleum products in the country stood at 19.68 Million Tonnes (MTs) during the fiscal year 2019-20, out of which 11.59 MTs were achieved through local refineries and 8.09 MT through import.
While there was a gap of over 2 Billion Cubic Feet per Day (BCFD) gas between production and demand of the commodity to meet requirements of more than 9.6 million consumers across the country, Current gas production is around 4 BCFD against the demand of 6 BCFD, the gap is being bridged through the import of LNG and LPG.
The Petroleum Division, a report says has granted open access to the private sector in the import of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) besides allowing them to set up their own terminals.
The government has planned to introduce Euro-V fuel in the country to meet the requirements of the hi-tech vehicles and tackle environmental issues like pollution and smog factors.
Officials say general sales tax on fuels had been fixed at the rate of 17 percent by law to streamline the matters related to the pricing of petroleum products.
The government has simplified the approval process for those who wanted to work in the exploration and production business. The official said the government had finalized new downstream oil policy, whereas the work on dualization of the white oil pipeline would start soon.
It merits mentioning that during a period from August 18, 2019, to April 30, 2020, exploration and production (E&P) companies have drilled around 142 wells, out of which 50 were exploratory and 92 appraisals/developmental.
As many as 26 discoveries with the initial flow of 6,799 Barrels per Day (BPD) oil and 234 Million Cubic Feet per Day (MMCFD) gas were announced.
The E&P companies added 9,444 BPD oil and 218 MMCFD gas was added in the national pool against the depletion of 9611 BPD oil and 279 MMCFD gas from the operational wells.
While the companies had acquired around 5,110 2D Line-Kilometre and 2,693 Square- Kilometer seismic data to assess the potential of hydrocarbon deposits in different pockets

Philip Morris Pakistan has announced its support to establish a recycling facility as part of its anti-littering efforts.
Under the project, the not for profit organization Network of Organizations Working with People with Disabilities, Pakistan (NOWPDP) will establish a plastic recycling facility while building the capacity of persons with disabilities, one of the most vulnerable minorities.
The project will also empower PWDs through inclusion in economic activities while addressing the serious civic issue of littering which impacts diverse locations—from streets and city parks to beaches and oceans.
The recycling facility will ensure responsible waste management by collecting, storing, and converting PET plastic into items of daily usage such as plastic tiles, coasters, and small planters.
NOWPDP will also train and employ Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) for waste collection and processing. Once the facility is operational, NOWPDP will run anti-littering campaigns for

plastic collection throughout the city of Karachi.
According to Omair Ahmed, CEO NOWPDP, “Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in terms of economic empowerment would open up many avenues in all aspects of their life.
This project would in the long term also facilitate change in mindsets and standard of living of individuals from families of persons with disabilities, low-income communities, individuals engaged through the production process, awareness campaigns, and community outreach.”
Commenting on the partnership, Sadia Dada, Director Communications, shared, “The natural environment should remain unspoiled, beautiful, and litter-free. The occurrence of littering—whether of cigarette butts or other waste—varies across the world, but, in general, it is linked to behavioral attitudes and availability of a waste disposal infrastructure. Changing the habit of littering requires action across three areas: awareness, disposal infrastructure, and social enforcement. We are glad to add our voice in the fight against littering and for sustainability, financial inclusion, and economic empowerment of people with disabilities.”
Sadia added, “We are ready to work with authorities, anti-littering organizations, and other relevant stakeholders to achieve the greatest impact. Littering isn’t an issue unique to us or our products. Myriads of businesses and organizations and individuals have been tackling the problem for years. We’re simply adding our voice and efforts to the fight.”
Globally, PMI is also recycling its waste, implementing green design guidelines, promoting the circular economy, and contributing to global efforts to reduce environmental impacts. PMI’s global commitment is to achieve at least a 50 percent reduction of the plastic litter from our products by 2025 (vs. 2021).
Established in 2008, NOWPDP’s mission is to promote an inclusive society through holistic and sustainable endeavors in the areas of education and economic empowerment.

ionization is the procedure by which a particle or an atom obtains a negative or positive charge by picking up or losing electrons, regularly related to other substance changes.
The subsequent electrically charged iota or atom is called a particle. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after impacts with subatomic particles, crashes with different iotas, atoms, and particles, or through the association with electromagnetic radiation.
Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic replacement responses can bring about the development of particle sets.
Sources of an ion are utilized to frame particles for mass spectrometers, optical outflow spectrometers, molecule quickening agents, particle implanters, and particle motors.
Ions can be made in an electric gleam release. A shine release is a plasma shaped by the section of electric flow through a low-pressure gas. It is made by applying a voltage between two metal terminals in a cleared chamber containing gas.
At the point when the voltage surpasses a specific worth, called the striking voltage, the gas frames a plasma.
Ions can also be made in an inductively coupled plasma, which is a plasma source in which the vitality is provided by electrical flows which are created by electromagnetic enlistment, that is, by time-changing attractive fields. Plasma electron temperatures can extend between ~60,000 K and ~1000,000 K (~6 eV – ~100 eV), and are generally a few significant degrees more prominent than the temperature of the impartial species. Argon ICP plasma release temperatures are regularly ~5,500 to 6,500 K and are accordingly tantamount to that reached at the surface (photosphere) of the sun (~4,500 K to ~6,000 K). ICP releases are of generally high electron thickness, on the request for 1015 cm−3. Subsequently, ICP releases have wide applications where a high-thickness plasma (HDP) is required. Microwave instigated plasma particle sources are equipped for energizing electrodeless gas releases to make particles for follow component mass spectrometry. A microwave plasma is a kind of plasma, that has high recurrence electromagnetic radiation in the GHz go. It is fit for energizing electrodeless gas releases. Whenever applied in surface-wave-supported mode, they are particularly appropriate to create enormous zone plasmas of high plasma thickness. If they are both in surface-wave and resonator mode, they can display a serious extent of spatial restriction. Glow via gas releases are utilized as a wellspring of light in gadgets, for example, neon lights, fluorescent lights, and plasma-screen TVs. Investigating the light created with spectroscopy can uncover data about the nuclear cooperations in the gas, so sparkle releases are utilized in plasma material science and scientific science. They are likewise utilized in the surface treatment procedure called faltering. In a sparkle release, the transporter age process arrives at a point where the normal electron leaving the cathode permits another electron to leave the cathode. For instance, the normal electron may cause many ionizing crashes by means of the Townsend torrential slide; the subsequent positive particles head toward the cathode, and a small amount of those that cause impacts with the cathode will oust an electron by auxiliary discharge. Low weight is utilized to build the mean freeway; for a fixed electric field, a more extended mean freeway permits a charged molecule to acquire vitality before crashing into another molecule. The phone is ordinarily loaded up with neon, however, different gases can likewise be utilized. An electric capability of a few hundred volts is applied between the two cathodes. A little portion of the number of inhabitants in iotas inside the cell is at first ionized through arbitrary procedures, for example, warm crashes between molecules or by gamma beams. The positive particles are driven towards the cathode by the electric potential, and the electrons are driven towards the anode by a similar potential. The underlying populace of particles and electrons slams into different iotas, energizing, or ionizing them. For whatever length of time that the potential is kept up, a populace of particles and electrons remains

The Chinese government will provide around 38 more agricultural drones to Pakistan in a few months to fight desert locust.
The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs had donated the drones for the prevention of desert locust to the Ministry of National Food Security and Research of Pakistan last month.
According to a report of the China Economic Net (CEN), a leading Chinese company expressed willingness to set up an industrial unit in Pakistan to manufacture drones that can be used to protect crops and control locust.
“From factory construction, production, assembly, after-sales to personnel training, we can provide a full set of technical support to help Pakistan develop the drone manufacturing industry to quickly respond to various types of disasters,” said Du Jixiang, Chief Engineer, Beijing Andun Equipment Co. Ltd.
The government is negotiating with a mission of the Chinese aviation industry for the supply of aircraft to carry out aerial spray in the locust-affected areas.
An official of Pakistan’s Ministry of National Food Security and Research said that Pakistan wanted to lease six aircrafts from the Chinese Ministry of Civil Aviation to conduct aerial spray into locust affected areas.
Although Pakistan is yet to deploy these drones to stop desert locusts, a wave of joy has been felt among Pakistani farmers. “It is indeed a piece of great news. China has provided drones to fight locust. It means we will be able to save our crops from locust soon, Ajmal Bhutta, a noted agriculturist based in Multan said over the telephone.
Desert locust is an international trans-boundary concern with major economic, social, and environmental implications.
As per the estimate of officials of the department of agriculture of Pakistan’s provinces of Sindh and Balochistan, the locust attack has damaged crops cultivated on 80,000 hectares of land besides causing serious damage to grazing fields and forest areas.
In February this year, Pakistan declared a national emergency to eliminate the attacking swarms of the desert locust.
“The farmers are very worried as they have seen their crops being destroyed in front of their eyes. These farmers should be compensated,” said Zahid Bhurguri, general secretary of the Sindh Chamber of Agriculture.
“Almost all crops and non-crop plants are vulnerable and the insects are one of the biggest threats to food security,” he added.